Indian civilization in ancient Maya civilization in Central America, the outstanding representatives of the Americas in ancient Indian civilizations, Maya Indian markets. Mainly in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador and the western region. About 475 formed in 2500, around 400 BC, the establishment of early slavery, the busiest period for the 3-9 century AD, the decline of the 15th century, finally to the destruction of the Spanish colonizers, After long buried in a tropical jungle. Begun to attract the attention of the academic end of the eighteenth century, the end of the 19th century to explore a number of important archaeological sites. Maya civilization began the modern study of archeology. 20th century after 1950, research progress rapidly, forming a special Maya study Archaeological and Historical Studies is an important area. Maya civilization stage of development, some differences of opinion among scholars. According to archaeologists N. Hammond\'s divided into pre-classical period, the classical period, after the classical period of three stages. Classic Maya period that before the formation period, from about AD 250, when 475 2500~. In the Yucatan peninsula and around the central Petén valley basin has been settled farming life. Corn and beans are the main crops; Soil from Taiwan, composed of the altar early centers of worship has been established, After emerging countries bud, and there hieroglyphs. Classic period (AD 250~900) Maya culture entered its climax. Hundreds around the larger cities and settlements are a small country according to the independent city-state, has yet to form a unified state. Hindi hieroglyphs and the use of common calendars, town planning and architectural styles, production levels are broadly consistent. Most of the major sites in the central tropical rain forest, Tikal and Uaxactun, Piedras negras, Palenque, Copán. Quirigua and other centers of worship has developed large-scale buildings. Tikal ruins by the hundreds of large and small pyramid temples in Taiwan, the Central Weather grand, urban area of 50 square kilometers. estimate about 40,000 residents. At this time a large number of stone pillars carved inscriptions dating system, generally every five years, 10 years or 20 years to build. Reporters at the unique column. 330 years and suddenly abandoned these centers of worship, a dramatic decline of the Maya civilization. After the 11th century, the Maya civilization began to shift the center of the northern lowland limestone. After the classical period (about 1000~1520) Mexican culture has a strong style. Toltec people from Mexico south to conquer the Yucatan, and Chichen - itza to the capital. Building stone columns appeared in the group and to living offerings, \"St. Well,\" Stadium Theater of the Hong Kong Observatory have observed and the current best preserved temple in Taiwan in the middle of the pyramid. Plumed Serpent worship God] Zarcone Yater. Chichen - itza northern Mayapan then replaced after the classical period into a cultural center. During this period the art of pottery and sculpture are rough, the rise of popular culture and bring militant style. Forming alliances with other rulers of the city Mayapan, the use of force to establish their rule. In 1450, probably due to the internal rebellion, Mayapan was damaged, after centuries culture tends to decline. 1523~1524, take advantage of the Spanish colonists from Mexico southward, occupying the Yucatan peninsula, Maya civilization was completely destroyed. Maya civilization basically Neolithic Stone Age and copper, tool for the entire stone and wooden weapons. gold and copper used in the late classical period has not iron. Simple agricultural technology, farming is extensive, no fertilizer, no livestock, irrigation late. Various pottery artefacts and cotton textile products. Trade exchange between different villages and regional relations. The ancient Maya world to achieve the level of construction and is capable of hard for carved stone processing. Building a strict pattern, a magnificent structure, its pyramids into a heap of debris and to the temple in Taiwan, sun-dried brick or stone outside the shop. Road to the tower with stone staircase. Its carvings, painted pottery, murals also have high artistic value, the famous noble ritual performance Bonampak mural. and the triumphant war, the images of a wonderful, superbly, is the world\'s mural art treasures. Maya civilization astronomy, mathematics attained a high achievement. Theater through long-term observation, has mastered the cycle and the solar eclipse, 2000, Venus and other mechanisms, at the end of the classical period has been about creating sun calendar and the calendars of St. two years, the former 2001 13 months, 20 days a month. the year 260 days; The latter year 18 months, 20 days per month, plus a five-day anniversary, 365 days a year. Run every four years plus one day. Li-sun and the moon are two names in mind every day, every week for 52 years to repeat their behalf with precision over Greece, Rome used calendars. Mathematics, the Maya use \"0\" by more than 800 years earlier than the Europeans, 20 counts use of binary system. Another is to create a unique Mayan civilization hieroglyphs system, and text composition of complex graphics, General carved in stone altar at the buildings, staircase, columns, etc., in hand, writing requires long-term training. Now known about more than 800 characters, but apart from a few era symbols and the names of foreign objects, not recording more success. The book was also bark paper and hides, mainly historical, scientific and rituals, has not yet deciphered. Mayan civilization in the early stage of formation of settlements around the centers of worship, classical to form the city-state. the city-state has its own dynasty. The ruling class and aristocracy is a shaman, hereditary King, in charge of religious rituals that date farming. Commune members of the general class of agricultural workers and artisans of the industry. Community classes are slaves, usually from the prisoners, criminals and liabilities, and can be traded freely. Maya various state and social development in the ancient world junior similar to slavery, but no detailed information on specific situations. Mayan religious and cultural life of both rich religious connotation. They worship of the sun god, rain god, the crops God, death, God of War, the works of maize god and other deities. Apollo living gods, in the title of the incarnation of God. In addition, the Bank of ancestor worship, I believe the soul is immortal. Maya state controlled religious affairs. Capital shall religious center.
　　Maya civilization Maya civilization (Maya) is located in the ancient south-eastern Mexico. Guatemala and the Yucatan peninsula in Central America and other regions of civilization. And traditions contrary, Maya has never disappeared. There are still three million Maya live in these areas. Many people today still said Maya languages of instruction. Mayan never had a unified powerful empires, the entire region is divided into hundreds of Mayan city-state. But states in the Maya language, religion, customs and traditions, he belong to a cultural circle. , History, the Mayan civilization is divided into three periods. 1500 BC-AD 300, or the period known as the pre-classic period. -900, 300, the classical period of the year, the year after 900 years -16 century classical period. Maya legend in 3000 before the start of construction on a religious building, The earliest relics from the tomb are some simple soil composition, and then further evolution of the pyramid. Early Maya civilization seems to have been an earlier Are these civilizations (Olmec) impact. Oumeike civilization in their culture spread to the Yucatan Peninsula today, it will decline perished. Around 200 BC-900 AD the Maya culture is the most prolific period. Maya development of the many cities in this region. Tikal (also translated Tikal) (Tikal), which is one of the greatest scholars in the estimated peak, This city has 10-20 million inhabitants. They develop into many months of intensive agriculture, urban concentration of the city. One of the most notable monuments are built in the center of the pyramid, and with them the palaces. There are other important archaeological sites stone carving (Maya : Tetun language). These written in stone hieroglyphs used to describe the main lineage, war and other achievements. Palenque (Palenque) is the classical era\'s most beautiful Mayan city It even described it as \"American Athens.\" The ancient Maya of Central America have taken part in the long-distance trade, the main exports are cocoa, salt, and obsidian. Civilization features belonging to the Neolithic civilization, the Maya did not invent the use of bronze and iron mention. Master high technology, and Maya will not use metallurgy, not to use wheel. Although the concept of the pottery wheels and other artifacts there, but not practical in real life. However, it creates a high level of urban civilization agriculture, a staple food maize. Also known as \"corn civilization\" No critter swine and sheep, no livestock at the scene. Mierpa farmers a very primitive farming. Using two mathematical metric found and the use of \"zero\" and a high degree of mathematical and astronomical calculations to master knowledge. Use unique hieroglyphs : Palenque Mayan jade carved Mayan language arts high 195mm Bonampak mural Many people believe classical period (200 to 900 years ago) in the art of ancient Maya civilization of the Americas is the most mature and beautiful. Mr. Palenque n COP and the relief sculpture and the statue was considered the most perfect. displayed the classical Mayan elegant and accurate observation. Modern people know only from the idea of classical Mayan pottery to the intermediate painting; Another Bonampak (Bonampak) where preservation of ancient murals in construction accidents. Some Mayan literature, it was found that the Maya civilization is one of the few artists in their entries will be signed. In addition, the Mayan jade favorite, the Mayan jade very beautiful, rich. Characters use the unique hieroglyphs, the Mayan language. Maya hieroglyphs and writing, the voice of the Commonwealth, the whole concept of a Mayan carving characters represented, has its own unique sounds. This is similar to the Chinese characters in Japanese with a pseudonym, Maya as a \"shield\" (bakalu) can be written in a word meaning of the pictogram. can be divided into three phonography \"ba\", \"ka\", \"la.\" Maya hieroglyphs and the level of development of China\'s hieroglyphs, except that the combination of symbols than complex Chinese characters, Bulk approximate round or oval. Character graphics with undulating lines, according to changes in fluid movements. Maya writing a character called the main part of the Chinese University of the word, then called a small part of the word. print \"geometric\" and \"print head\" two, there will be people, animals, God pictorial combination of the \"whole body\", mainly for the calendar. Maya language to read, top-down, a group of two lines, \"left → right → (a) right-left →\" the order read. Maya writing complicated ones, since less than a third of translation solutions. Mayan civilization in religious religion plays an important position, Maya astronomical calculations, which show the great architectural achievements prosperity is largely due to their religious activities, the Mayan civilization in the divine right to establish a political system, Maya royal family and the priest in charge of religion, the supreme god called Maya \"Plumed Serpent God.\" Fung said Kwete investigation by a combination of bird feathers and Sidewinders, Belonging, it is Venus (Venus). It is seen as a great organization, and the establishment of the city, mathematics, metallurgy and the father of astronomy. Legend is a civilized and convert it to the people. In addition, it has charge of the agricultural harvest rainfall, drought in the Yucatan peninsula natural significance. Qi Guoqin Issa in the center stands an area of more than 3,000 square meters of the pyramid temple Kukulkan temple in the fine-sounding name. Plumed Serpent God is worshiped in the temples. Maya rituals frequent and cruel war, festivals, a rich harvest, and so on numerous activities in rites and ceremonies. worship is not only rich in treasures offerings Maya Sun God festival has used the hearts of the living. Maya often war between the various cities, the party\'s defeat was usually a large number of prisoners sentenced to death as a sacrifice. Maya first learn how to use the first rubber, which also originated from religious ceremonies They cause gum similar Now the same thing, in terms of expertise, cruel game at the stadium. In addition to the two sides to use any means other than the site pass, the ball is not touched down, and to try to get the ball into the wall, a stone circle. offerings will be executed as the defeated side. Such games can usually decided the winner for a few days and nights. Calendar Mayan calendar is the world\'s most perfect calendar, the calendar system constituted by the three kinds of calendars that God almanac, Nagaki calendar and solar calendar. God Li, also known as \"Li-1982, the\" 260 days a year, 20 gods, and from 1 to 13 the number of images, continuously combined cycle. Thus similar to China through continuous combinations, combinations icon has been 260, representing 260 days. From the solar calendar is based on astronomical calculations. 2001 hours, 18 months, 20 days per month, plus a five-day, as a taboo, this year is 365 days. After long-term observations of the Mayan astrology good observation, careful, 365.242129 days to one year the length of the amendment. This senior science today is the absolute determination of the numerical 365.242198 days, a difference of less than 0.1%. Nagaki Almanac very suitable for calibration projections distant long history built on top of an extremely advanced mathematical thinking. Maya can use this calendar accurate record of a few tens of millions of years of time. According to the 16th-century Spanish invasion Maya archaeologist, Counting the matter further with inscriptions record unit waiting projections calculate the Mayan Calendar for the Year 2500 on August 13, 3114. When God circle after 73 years of the cycle, and the turnover is just 52 times the solar year with a back marker. This has formed a great cycle of 52 years, 52 years as Maya according to a century. Moreover, the Maya have also drawn up a \"too Moon,\" the Mars and Venus calculated revolution week, and to identify and correct the sun calendar too accumulated error of the lunar calendar. Mayan calendar cycle to a certain extent. For example : 20 Kim Kin (days) = Una Unial (2000) or 20 days 18 Una Unial=1 shield Tun (2000) or 360 days 20 Aegis Tun=1 card shield Katun or 7,200 days 20Katun card shield = Burke Aegis Baktun or 144,000 days of 20 Arleigh Burke Aegis = Pique shield or 2880000 day 20 Pique shield = Carla shield or 57600000 days 20 Kara shield = Jin Qi shield or 1152000000 day 20 Jin Qi shield = 1 Atto shield or 23040000000 days every nation in general, an era. However, in the Mayan legends, they have few era, every era are beginning to the end of the destruction of the Earth. Maya era began in 2500, the last in 3113, this is the time they settled in the United States; Maya era began in the last 11,000 years BC, the end of the last ice age on Earth at that time exactly. Beyond Johnson, There are three new era, the time of every era have several hundreds of thousands of years or a few hundreds of thousands of years to calculate. Mathematics Mathematics Maya Maya as a \"product of human minds of the most brilliant\" mathematical system. Maya (or their ancestors Oumeike) to independently develop the concept of zero. It Biya, the invention and use of an ancient civilization-the first use of \"zero\" India will very soon, about 800 years earlier than the Europeans. And the use of two decimal number system; Figures in points (17) represent one horizontal bar (-) represents 5. Sometimes they will be used to indicate the inscription billion. For example, in time, Maya is called a \"Araujo East\" unit Japan is equivalent to 23.04 billion. This huge unit, measuring interplanetary distance, and only when he needs to. Palenque Temple Tikal Mayan architectural sites in the metal tools will not use wheel. No critter and other large livestock conditions, creating a high degree of civilization, from the legacy of the huge, functioning city sites, we can see its high standard of construction and engineering skills. Many buildings are used for worship and other religious ceremonies are everywhere on the Mayan architecture is the operating rules of the celestial figures. For example, Kukulkan (Kukulkan) about 30 meters high pyramid, surrounded by the 91-steps around. making a total of 364 bands, coupled with the Plumed Serpent temple tower, a total of 365 bands. symbol of a solar year of 365 days. In addition to the number of steps, each 52 1.40 pyramid surrounded by relief that a century Mayan 52 years. Classic Maya period of the city\'s largest \"Tikal\" urban area of over 65 square kilometers, A total of 3,000 blocks of the pyramid altar, monuments and other relics. impact of the regional area of 500 square kilometers. In the central region alone, more than 10 large pyramid, with more than 50 small temple. Tikal pyramid design alarming angle of 70 °, its appearance is like a Gothic cathedral in Europe poems. some people call \"jungle Cathedral.\" No advanced tools in that era, a huge How hammer stones, moving to the bottom of the jungle, then more than 10 tons of stones piled up piece by piece, stacked high to 70 meters, which might be called a miracle. Before the Spaniards to the Americas, Chen Ji Fayza Yucatan Peninsula was one of the most important Mayan cultural center. Even today, after the ruins will be restored after the people feel solemn and impressive. A large number of religious buildings in the center, stands 30 meters high, \"Secretary Kurgan\" (KuKulkan) pyramid. Tap the bottom, is a square pyramid, while 55.5 meters long, it\'s almost ancient architectural layout and consistency. From the bottom up, by 9-storey pyramid consists of a square platform, but they are stacked from bottom to top layers of narrow, The delicate but like a gigantic birthday cake; From the side, each side is a central step. 91 each grade level in each step, until the tower at the top of the platform there is a level, there are two pillars on the stage. They support a small sacred objects. 91 each grade level in each step, a total of four 4 x 91=364 grade level. If the top level of the sum, more or less, exactly 365 days in the solar year 2001 days; 9 demonstrating the □□ is divided into 18 layers, which exactly corresponds to the number of months after one Mayan. In addition, the pyramids are preparing to every aspect of beautifully arranged stone slabs with 52 films, \"52\" numbers also corresponds to a Mayan calendar cycle. The Central American people have been convinced that they live in a cyclical process, the minimum period shall be 52 years. Maya believed that each time a cycle, they will return to them in heaven leader. In addition, they believe that there was a four leaders of the so-called Paradise fell to the earth; They rotate around the earth 13 times, after which the Mayan calendar, 52 years after the shortest cycle, back to the human habitation of the earth still maintain faith in today\'s folk activities. Mayan shaman architects convincing people also completed another masterpiece This ancient architecture -- Secretary Kurgan largest pyramid, the geometric design and position comparable to the Swiss watch precision calibration, it is full of mystery to create a dramatic effect. This masterpiece of one of the things associated with each repeated twice. This matter is the spring and fall of each year beginning in the day : March 21 and September 21. The vernal equinox and details in the past couple of days, people were able to see through a pyramid unparalleled spectacle. In the early morning of March 11, the rising sun exposure in the eastern side of the pyramid. The higher sun rise and the light in the east and central parts of the irradiated steps will be. Extension □□ from the ground to the top of the pyramid. both sides of the □□ gradually revealed two decorative feathers with the image of a snake -- it happens to be the Secretary Kurgan divine signs. Snake extends downward from the head gradually touch the ground. Meanwhile, in the 9-storey pyramid platform, which comprises a triangular pattern Light and Colors, which is located at the edge □□. It is precisely in this, the projection of a snake decorated with feathers. The higher sun rise, the ripple Light and Colors project also will be, along the edge of the □□, slowly moving down the bellows. Light was among the last to disperse. Each time, the Mirage has continued for three hours and 22 minutes, every minute is not a problem. In September 21, people can still see the same astonishing scene, its sequence is exactly the opposite situation and March 21. This geometry is a specialized service to God, as a masterpiece of ancient Mayan astronomers. Secretary Kurgan pyramid was never communicated to us in an enduring faith, and, Even the ancient Mayan manuscripts have decomposed, even the Mayan temple destroyed Century 43 This belief has always maintained its original clear : Secretary Kurgan human spirit has fallen, and he taught us to stay in a crowd Shi, After he left, we returned to the kingdom of heaven. Secretary Kurgan have made a promise to God that he will return to earth in the near future. Yaguer priest in his hometown wrote in the book : the gods descend from the constellation of human…… They say the sky with the incomparably wonderful language. They did not sign off doubt that they are indeed from heaven. When they returned again when they will re cleaning up everything they have created. Maya civilization and the other four big agriculture, the rivers have not. Rather, the rise in the barren volcanic highlands and among lush tropical rainforest. Maya mainly maize and beans to eat less meat, not wheat, the major crops are cotton, tobacco, tomato, cocoa and other. Maya civilization is the urban civilization, the foundation of agriculture built on top of corn. Since ancient times, the Mayan farmers to use a very primitive \"Mierpa\" farming : they were all first uprooting trees. Drying off after a period of time, before the onset of the rainy season set fire to plant ash as fertilizer. Minute quilt barren rainforest soils. Burned a species has also reshuffled, the subsequent rehabilitation 1-3 years, in some places as long as six years. well you look after burning plant more vegetation. The backward agricultural production, or if the prolonged drought that civilization will become very fragile. Scientists speculate this is one reason why the Maya civilization disappeared. The disappearance of the Mayan civilization to create a highly civilized impressive, but why the sudden disappearance of the Mayan civilization. Now no conclusion has been drawn that archaeologists scientists, the mystery of the disappearance of the Mayan civilization, a lot of assumptions, such as pre-invasion population explosion, disease, climate change, internal wars and so on. Maya erudite knowledge and culture in the hands of a very small number of nobles and priests. Maya accounted for the majority of the population is illiterate laborers lower. The aristocracy lived intellectuals, in the prosperous survival after completely, and even disappear soon. also taken away the incomparable brilliance of the Maya civilization.

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